Primary cutaneous anaplasic large-cell lymphoma involving medial canthus of the eyelid. / Linfoma anaplásico de células grandes primario cutáneo del canto medio palpebral.

Cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (cALCL) is a condition within CD30 lymphoid proliferations spectrum. Involving the eyelid is unusual and all cases found in the literature are located in the upper eyelid. In this case we report an cALCL atypical presentation. A 39 year-old woman with no significant medical history, presents a fast-growing mass in the medial canthus, with inflamatory-infectious appearance. After a week with antibiotics with no response, an excisional biopsy was practiced. The hystopathology analysis with a negative systemic work up confirmed the diagnosis of a cALCL. After two-year follow up, patient is asymptomatic. cALCL involving the eyelid are rare but potentially life-threatening disorders, so more information about diagnosis, treatment and follow up is needed.

Efectos producidos por diferentes programas de interferencia contextual en la agilidad / Effects of different contextual interference programs in agility

En este estudio participaron 76 alumnos de 9-10 años de edad de un colegio público de educación primaria (44 chicos y 32 chicas). Los participantes fueron randomizados en función del resultado del pretest en cuatro grupos: interferencia contextual baja (ICB, n=19), interferencia contextual moderada (ICM, n=19) interferencia contextual alta (ICA, n=19) y Grupo Control (GC, n=19). El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer que método de entrenamiento de la agilidad en función de la interferencia contextual baja, moderada o alta (ICB, ICM e ICA) es más efectivo en escolares de cuarto curso de educación primaria, con el fin de dilucidar qué método de desarrollo de esta capacidad resultó el idóneo en esta etapa de escolarización. La agilidad fue evaluada mediante el test MAT2. Salvo en el grupo control (CG), se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en la agilidad (test MAT2), en todos los grupos después de un programa de intervención de 4 semanas de duración en alumnos del cuarto curso de primaria. Estas diferencias han sido superiores en el grupo de ICM (p<0,01, ES=1,12). Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0,05, ES=0,79) en el postest entre el grupo de ICM e ICB (AU)

This study involved 76 students from 9-10 years old in a public elementary school (44 boys and 32 girls). Participants were randomized to the outcome of the pretest into four groups: low contextual interference (ICB, n = 19), moderate contextual interference (ICM, n = 19) high contextual interference (ICA, n = 19) and Control Group (GC, n = 19). The aim of this study was to determine which method of agility training (ICB, ICM or ICA) is more effective in primary school children (9-10 years), in order to figure out what method of development of this capacity was the appropriate at this stage of schooling. The agility was evaluated by MAT2 test. Except in the control group (GC), there were significant differences in agility (MAT2 test) in all groups (ICB, ICM and ICA) after an intervention program of 4-week fourth-year students of elementary school. These differences have been higher in the ICM group (p<0.01, ES=1.12). We found significant differences (p<0.05, ES=0.79) in the posttest between the ICM and ICB group (AU)

Ovarian functionality in Poeppig's woolly monkey (Lagothrix poeppigii).

This study examined ovarian features of 60 Poeppig's woolly monkey females in different reproductive stages, collected from wild animals hunted by rural communities in the North-eastern Peruvian Amazon, to provide knowledge on the reproductive physiology of this species. The observed mean ovulation rate was 1.73 follicles, reaching a maximum diameter of 1.0cm. After ovulation, the matured follicle luteinizes resulting in functional corpora lutea (CL). In case of oocyte fertilization, the "pregnancy" CL grow to a maximum of 2cm in diameter, and luteal volume decreases related to the advance of pregnancy. Pregnant females have waves of follicular activity until late pregnancy, but dominant follicles do not attain the maximum diameter of pre-ovulatory follicles. Some non-ovulated follicles of 1mm maximum diameter do not undergo atretic processes and transform to accessory CL by luteinization of the membrane granulosa, resulting in a contribution of up to 7% of the total luteal volume. All pregnant females delivered at term only 1.00 foetus, resulting in a rate of reproductive wastage of 33.3% of embryos.

Anatomicohistological characteristics of the tubular genital organs of the female red brocket deer (Mazama americana) in the Peruvian Amazon.

This study examined the anatomical and histological characteristics of tubular genital organs of 51 adult female red brocket deer in the wild in different reproductive stages, collected by rural hunters in the north-eastern Peruvian Amazon. The infundibulum was characterized by a large diameter and the presence of a highly folded and ciliated epithelium, and the isthmus has a growing secretor epithelium and a thicker muscular layer. Whereas ciliated cells are more frequent in the infundibulum, epithelial secretory cells showing abundant apical secretory blebs are more frequent in the isthmus. In non-pregnant females in luteal phase, the endometrium transforms from a proliferative to a secretory type, showing a significant proliferation of endometrial uterine glands. The red brocket deer has four large circular folds in the cervix. The epithelium of the cervix is composed primarily of secretory cells. In pregnant females, the lumen of the endocervical canal is occupied by abundant mucous secretion. All pregnant females had one embryo or fetus, with a fetal sex ratio of 54.0% females to 46.0% males. This species has a cotyledonary, syndesmochorial and partially deciduate placenta, with 6-7 dome-shaped caruncles per female. The red brocket deer does not present a true cornification of the vaginal epithelial cells, and no vaginal epithelial pattern was determined according the reproductive state of the female.

Reproductive biology of the wild red brocket deer (Mazama americana) female in the Peruvian Amazon.

Knowledge of the reproductive biology is critical for the development of management strategies of the species both in captivity and in the wild, and to address conservation concerns regarding the sustainable use of a species. The present report characterizes some aspects of the reproductive biology of the wild red brocket deer inhabiting the North-eastern Peruvian Amazon region, based on the anatomical and histological examination of the female reproductive organs of 89 wild adult females in different reproductive states. The red brocket deer female presented ovarian follicular waves involving the synchronous growth of a cohort of an average 25 follicles but only one follicle generally survived and continued development, reaching maturity at 4mm. Mean ovulation rate was 1.14 and litter size was 1 fetus. Females presented a low rate of reproductive wastage of 14.3% of embryos. Among the 89 adult females studied, 41 (46.1%) were pregnant and 48 (53.9%) were non-pregnant females. In the Northeastern Peruvian Amazon, conceptions occurred year-round in the red brocket deer but there were peaks in the rate of conception. Estimated yearly reproductive production was 0.76-0.82 young per adult female. Most pregnant females in advanced stage of pregnancy had at least one active CL, suggesting the persistence of CL throughout gestation.

Anatomicohistological characteristics of the genital tubular organs of the female brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus, Gray 1842) from Gabon.

The present study examines the anatomic and histological characteristics of the female genital tract of the wild brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus). A description of the macroscopic and microscopic features of the tubular genital organs based on observations made in 18 wild adult females is presented. The histological stains used were haematoxylin and eosin, 1% toluidine blue, PAS-haematoxylin and Masson's trichrome. Observations indicate that the fimbriated infundibulum of the oviduct completely surrounds and is attached to the entire ovarian surface. The uterus is bicornuate, being composed of two uterine horns separated by a velum uteri, a small uterine body and a cervix. In both pregnant and non-pregnant females, the uterine horns and body of the uterus present a pseudostratified, columnar ciliated epithelium containing sparse simple tubular glands. In pregnant females, the endocervical canal is filled by a viscous cervical secretion. The different patterns observed in the endometrium and myometrium of the uterine horns and in the vaginal epithelium suggest a relationship with the reproductive state of the brush-tailed porcupine female.

A structural study of the bovine vaginal fluid at estrus.

The present study describes the structural components of the bovine vaginal fluid at estrus by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) following critical point- and freeze-drying preparation procedures. Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM) was also used to evaluate the structural integrity of samples, and a control sample was assessed by adding sperm to the vaginal fluid. Samples were collected from 10 cows at the time of artificial insemination, prepared for SEM by using critical point- and freeze-drying procedures, gold coated, and observed by SEM. Mesh size and filament thickness were measured with an image analyzer. Of the 10 samples processed, 4 were considered altered following critical point drying. Compaction and lack of filaments were observed in these samples. A small area of one sample showed a honey comb-like structure when freeze drying was used. Nonoriented filaments with different thicknesses and with a network-like structure were observed throughout the remainder of the samples. Filaments throughout all samples were also observed by CSLM. After critical point drying, the mesh area ranged from 0.8 to 101.4 microns 2; the minor axis from 0.7 to 10.8 microns; and filament thickness from 40 to 442 nm. Using freeze drying, the mesh area ranged from 0.9 to 493.8 microns 2; the minor axis from 0.7 to 27.5 microns; and filament thickness from 40 to 800 nm. When samples were freeze dried, mesh values were similar to the interstrand channels observed by CSLM. In sperm-vaginal fluid samples, following critical point- or freeze-drying procedures, spermatozoa were oriented randomly in the vaginal fluid and did not seem to alter filamentous structure. Our data suggest that the freeze-drying procedure better preserves the true structural dimensions of the vaginal fluid. Furthermore, the filamentous structure of the vaginal fluid does not appear to impede sperm transport.

A scanning electron microscope study of the structural component of the bovine vaginal fluid at oestrus.

The ultrastructure of the vaginal fluid of cows at oestrus was analysed by scanning electron microscopy. Samples of vaginal fluid were collected from 7 normally cycling and healthy cows, 3 to 4 years of age, in oestrus. Evaluation of the patterns of crystallization was used as a previous assessment of the quality of the samples. SEM images revealed a structure made up of non-oriented filaments constituting a network with a three-dimensional arrangement. These filaments were of different diameters and ranged between 50 and 400 nm. Mesh size, defined as the minimum distance measurement between strands, ranged between 2 to 8 microns.

Persistent truncus arteriosus in a diprosopic newborn calf.

A newborn diprosopic female calf had a partially duplicated head with two faces each exhibiting a mouth, a snout, an anomalous incomplete mandible, two eyes and a lateral ear. A single ear with two small auditory canals was present on the midline between the two medial eyes. A type 1 persistent truncus arteriosus and hypoplasia of the thoracic portion of thymus were the most outstanding extracranial defects. In the heart, a persistent foramen secundum and a large patent foramen ovale allowed communication between the right and left atria. In the right ventricle, the small conus arteriosus was separated in part from the inflow tract by an anomalous 'septomarginal muscular septum'. An interventricular septal defect was also present. A large undivided truncus arteriosus, exhibiting a tricuspid truncal valve at its origin, arose for the most part from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle. The truncus gave rise to the brachiocephalic trunk, the aortic arch, a small pulmonary trunk, from which the left and right pulmonary arteries emerged, and two coronary arteries. The etiology and pathogenetic mechanisms implicated in the appearance of persistent truncus arteriosus are reviewed. It is suggested that a deficit or insufficiency in the cranial neural crest may play a role in the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to the production of persistent truncus arteriosus and related defects in cephalic duplications.

Histochemical and morphometric study of the cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle in the horse.

Histochemical and morphometric parameters of the cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle of the horse are presented. Using myosin ATPase staining after acid preincubation, 3 fibre types (I, IIA and IIC) were identified. Using NADH-TR staining, type I fibres showed high oxidative capacity, whereas type II fibres had high or low oxidative capacity. The type I to type II ratio was of 35:65. This ratio remained constant in the age range examined. Statistically significant (p < 0.01) differences were found in values for fibre size between groups of horses weighing more than 500 kg and less than 400 kg. Mean area of type II fibres was greater (p < 0.001) than that of type I fibres. There were no significant differences in mean area between left and right muscles in the group of animals with less weight. In contrast, significant differences (p < 0.05) in mean area between left and right muscles were found for type I fibres in the group of animals exhibiting a higher weight. The histographical distribution of fibre type areas was unimodal. Most adult horses showed muscle fibre type grouping in the left muscle.

Morphometric study of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in young 'normal' horses.

Quantitative measurements were made on cross-sectional preparations of the distal part of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) from nine young mixed-breed horses to establish reference values for the total number of myelinated fibres, mean fibre diameter and percentage of thickest fibres (over 9.5 microns) and to delineate diameter distribution curves. The total number of myelinated fibres, mean fibre diameter and percentage of thickest fibres for the left RLN were significantly lower than those of the right RLN (P < 0.005). The distribution of fibres was unimodal. The fibre diameter ranged from 1 micron to 17 microns. Approximately, 95 per cent of fibres had a diameter larger than 5 microns.

Muscular pathology in equine laryngeal neuropathy.

Three adductor muscles of the larynx, the cricoarytenoideus lateralis (CAL), the arytenoideus transversus (AT) and the ventricularis (Ve), from 36 horses were examined histologically. The neurogenic changes seen in each muscle were evaluated qualitatively. In addition, in 6 horses with clinical and subclinical signs of neurogenic atrophy, measurements of muscle fibre area were performed. Neurogenic changes observed in the Ve were less than in CAL and AT. Measurements of muscle fibre area also demonstrated that CAL and AT showed a wider range of pathological changes than did Ve. The results show that denervation does not uniformly affect all adductor muscles of the larynx. On the other hand, the appearance in some animals of fibre type grouping in the right AT to the same or to a greater extent than in the left AT supports the classification of equine laryngeal neuropathy as a distal axonopathy.

Morphology of a dicephalic cat.

A detailed anatomical study of a dicephalic iniodymic monosomic cat in conjunction with the morphogenetical implications of the observed anomalies is presented. The animal exhibited two heads joined at the level of an anomalous medial exoccipital bone. Two brains and two foramina magna were present. The vertebral column was single but the cranial cervical vertebrae (C2 to C5) had doubled bodies. Cervical rachischisis with myeloschisis were associated defects. Two nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal cavities converged caudally into a single laryngopharynx. The esophagus, larynx and trachea were single. Duplication of the tongue and hyoid apparatus was present. Palatoschisis affected both oral cavities. Hypoplasia of the anatomical structures in the medial aspects of both heads was observed. Microphthalmia was also observed in both medial eyes. Comparative aspects of the morphology, causative agents, and mechanisms and anomalous morphogenesis of anterior duplications are reviewed and discussed.